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Dutch and Indonesian nationalist representatives formally signed the Linggadjati Agreement in Batavia Jakarta on March 25, , which provided for a cessation of military hostilities and the establishment of the United States of Indonesia consisting of the Republic of Indonesia Java, Madura, Sumatra and Borneo. Some 5, individuals were killed during the conflict.

The Dutch government presented five proposals concerning the implementation of the Linggadjati Agreement to Indonesian representatives on May 27, , but the proposals were rejected by the Indonesians on June 8, The U. The Indonesians accepted most of the Dutch proposals on July 8, , but the Dutch government demanded that the Indonesian government order a ceasefire on July 9, The Indonesian government rejected the demand on July 16, The Dutch government ended negotiations with the Indonesians on July 19, Conflict Phase July 20, January 17, : Dutch government troops resumed military hostilities against Indonesian nationalists in central Java and Sumatra on July 20, The British government offered to mediate negotiations between the parties on July 21, , but the mediation offer was rejected by the Netherlands.

The Indonesian government appealed for assistance on July 22, The parties ordered a cessation of military hostilities on August , , but military hostilities continued despite the ceasefire orders. Some Dutch government soldiers and 1, Indonesians were killed between July 20 and August 20, The UN military observation consisted of 55 military observers from Australia 15 personnel , Belgium four personnel , U. It established a political tradition in which cooperation between the young Indonesian elite and the Dutch colonial authorities was expected to lead to acquiring some degree of independence.

The next chapter in the development of Indonesian nationalism was the founding of the first mass-based political party, the Sarekat Islam Islamic Union in Initially, it was formed to support the indigenous entrepreneurs against the dominating Chinese in the local economy but it expanded its scope and developed a popular political consciousness with subversive tendencies.

Other important movements that led to the unfolding of indigenous political thinking in the Dutch-Indies were the Muhammadiyah, an Islamic reformist socio-religious movement founded in and the Indonesian Association of Social Democrats, a communist movement founded in that spread Marxist ideas through the Dutch Indies.

Initially, the Dutch colonial authorities permitted the establishment of indigenous political movements but when Indonesian ideologies radicalized in the s as seen in the communist uprisings in West Java and West Sumatra in and the Dutch authorities changed course.

A relative tolerant regime was replaced with a repressive one in which every suspected act of subversive behaviour was suppressed. This repressive regime in fact only worsened the situation by radicalizing the entire Indonesian nationalist movement. Its goal was full independence for Indonesia. Another important occasion for Indonesian nationalism was the declaration of the Youth Pledge in At this congress of youth organizations three ideals were proclaimed, to wit: one motherland, one nation, and one language.

The main aim of this congress was to stimulate a feeling of unity between the young Indonesians. On this congress the future national anthem Indonesia Raya was played and the future national flag merah-putih was shown for the first time. The colonial authorities reacted with another act of suppression.

Young national leaders, such as Soekarno who would become Indonesia's first president in and Mohammad Hatta Indonesia's first vice president were arrested and exiled.

The Dutch were powerful enough to curb Indonesian nationalism by arresting its leaders and suppressing the nationalist organizations. But never were they able to eliminate nationalist sentiment among the Indonesian people. The Indonesians, on the other hand, did not have the power to combat the colonial rulers and therefore needed outside help to eliminate the colonial system. In March the Japanese, fueled by their desire for oil, provided such help by occupying the Dutch Indies.

Although initially welcomed as liberators by the Indonesian population, Indonesians would soon experience the hardship of the Japanese rule: scarcity of food, clothing and medicines as well as forced labour under harsh conditions. The scarcity of food was mainly caused by administrative incompetence, turning Java into an island of hunger. Indonesians working as forced labourers called romusha were stationed to work on labour-intensive construction projects on Java.

When the Japanese took over, Dutch officials were thrown in internment camps and were replaced by Indonesians to administer government tasks. The Japanese educated, trained and armed many young Indonesians and gave their nationalist leaders a political voice. This enabled the nationalists to prepare for a future independent Indonesian nation. In the final months before Japan's surrender, effectively ending World War II, the Japanese gave full support to the Indonesian nationalist movement.

Political, economic and social dismantling of the Dutch colonial state meant that a new era was about to emerge. On 17 August Soekarno and Hatta proclaimed the independence of Indonesia, eight days after the Nagasaki atomic bombing and two days after Japan lost the war.

Click here to read an overview of Soekarno's Old Order. There basically exist three "histories", or more accurately, three versions of Indonesia's colonial period:. It should be emphasized, however, that within each of these three groups - Indonesians, the Dutch, and academics in this case mainly historians , - there exists plenty of variety. But we can discern three broad versions. Well, the overview of Indonesia's colonial period that is presented above is a synopsis of the academic version.

However, it is interesting to provide some information about the Indonesian and Dutch versions. With these versions we mean the general consensus and views that are shared by the people this includes the ordinary people but also government officials, and those who wrote the history books for the younger generations, etc.

Obviously, the Indonesian and Dutch versions have a lot in common. However, due to both sides' involvement in this colonial history there exist some differences that can be attributed to sentiments and political interests.

What is wrong with this statement? First of all, it supposes that Indonesia already was a unified nation in the late s or early s. However, in reality the country we now know as Indonesia was a patchwork of independent indigenous kingdoms that lacked a feeling of brotherhood or nationalist sentiment or any other sense of unity.

In fact, wars between these kingdoms - either inter or intra island - were the rule rather than the exception. Secondly, the whole area we now know as Indonesia was not conquered by the Dutch around the same time and then possessed for 3. On the contrary, it took centuries of gradual political expansion before the region was under Dutch control and in several parts Dutch control was very superficial, such as Aceh. In fact, only around the s the Dutch more-or-less possessed the whole area that we now know as Indonesia.

Some parts indeed were colonized for 3. So, why does there exist the view that the whole of Indonesia was colonized by the Dutch for three and half centuries? The answer is politics. As becomes clear from the synopsis above, Indonesian nationalism was driven by the realization among the young and diverse people of the archipelago whatever their ethnic, cultural or religious background was that they had one common enemy: the Dutch colonial power.

Selama abad ke, daerah jajahan dan hegemoni Belanda diperluas, mencapai batas wilayah teritorial terbesar mereka pada awal abad ke Hindia Belanda adalah salah satu koloni Eropa yang paling berharga di bawah kekuasaan Imperium Belanda, dan berkontribusi pada keunggulan global Belanda dalam perdagangan rempah-rempah dan hasil bumi pada abad ke sampai awal abad ke Tatanan sosial kolonial didasarkan pada struktur rasial dan sosial yang kaku dengan para elit Belanda yang tinggal terpisah tetapi tetap berhubungan dengan penduduk pribumi yang dijajah mereka.

Istilah "Indonesia" mulai digunakan untuk lokasi geografis setelah tahun Pada awal abad 20, para intelektual lokal mulai mengembangkan konsep Indonesia sebagai negara dan bangsa, dan menetapkan panggung untuk gerakan kemerdekaan. Setelah Jepang menyerah pada bulan Agustus , kaum nasionalis Indonesia mendeklarasikan kemerdekaan yang mereka perjuangkan selama Revolusi Nasional Indonesia yang terjadi pada bulan-bulan berikutnya. Belanda secara formal mengakui kedaulatan Indonesia pada Konferensi Meja Bundar tahun dan menyerahkan seluruh wilayah bekas jajahannya, dengan pengecualian wilayah Papua Nugini Belanda , yang diserahkan ke Indonesia 14 tahun kemudian pada tahun berdasarkan ketentuan Persetujuan New York di Markas Besar PBB.

In de eeuwen hierna werd de aanwezigheid versterkt en vonden er vele koloniale oorlogen en militaire acties plaats, die honderdduizenden mensen het leven hebben gekost. In de 18e eeuw kreeg de VOC een handelsmonopolie in de Indische archipel, waarna de aanwezigheid van Nederland steeds prominenter werd. Nederland kreeg in de 19e en 20e eeuw meer politieke en economische macht in de Indische archipel, en de kolonie veranderde in een.

De export van goederen zoals koffie, suiker en tabak leverde Nederland veel geld op. Dit ging vaak gepaard met uitbuiting van de oorspronkelijke bevolking, bijvoorbeeld door middel van het cultuurstelsel, dat rond goed was voor een derde van de Nederlandse staatsinkomsten. Plaatselijke vorsten verloren macht en veel landeigenaren moesten hun land afstaan.